Mutations

Comprehensive guide to Irish initial mutations (Na hAthruithe Tosaigh): lenition (séimhiú), eclipsis (urú), and prefix mutations (t-, h-, n-) with clear rules.

  1. ArticleOverviewAn overview of the two main initial mutations in Irish, lenition and eclipsis, which change the first letter of a word based on the preceding word.
  2. ArticleLenitionComplete guide to Irish lenition (An Séimhiú): learn which consonants lenite (b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s, t), grammatical triggers, and pronunciation rules.
  3. ArticleEclipsisComplete guide to Irish eclipsis (An tUrú): learn the 7 consonant mutations (b→mb, c→gc, d→nd, f→bhf, g→ng, p→bp, t→dt), vowels (n-), and grammatical triggers.
  4. ArticlePrefixes (t-, h-, n-)An explanation of the t-, h-, and n- prefixes in Irish, which alter the beginning of words, similar to lenition and eclipsis.
  5. ArticleHistorical Origins of MutationsA summary of the historical linguistic reasons behind lenition, eclipsis, and prefixes in Irish, explaining how they evolved from sound changes.